In the past decades, nanoparticles (NP) have shown tremendous potential for biomedical applications such as targeted therapeutics, medical imaging, and biosensors. After administration, NP will directly interact with various biological components in the body, forming a protein corona (PC) on its surface. The PC composition affects the NP identity and behaviour, including its stability, targeting ability, cellular uptake, toxicity, biodistribution and elimination. Thus, a more profound understanding of the nano-bio interface is crucial to improving the nanoparticle design for theranostic applications. The personalized protein corona (PPC) concept allows specific PC characteristics identification for early disease diagnosis and personalized therapeutics. However, accurate PC characterization is challenging due to its dynamic and complex nature. Until now, most studies were focused on nanoparticle PC characterization in vitro yet put less emphasis on its translational aspects. In this mini-review, the author will discuss various challenges surrounding PPC research, strategies to bridge that gap, clinical relevance, and future outlook. PPC's application for biomarker discoveries and recent advances in PPC analysis methodologies such as multi-omics approach, proteograph workflow, and machine learning algorithm also will be explored. Overall, PPC technology keeps evolving and it holds a promising future in the personalized medicine era.
Key words: nanoparticles, protein corona, personalized protein corona, nano-bio interface, proteograph
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