Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most critical global health challenges, driven by the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics across human, animal, and environmental sectors. The One Health approach recognizes the interconnected nature of these domains and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing AMR. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The findings highlight that excessive antibiotic use in human medicine, livestock production, and aquaculture significantly contributes to the emergence and dissemination of resistant microorganisms. Additionally, environmental contamination through pharmaceutical effluents and wastewater plays a crucial role in sustaining and spreading antimicrobial resistance genes. A strong correlation between antibiotic consumption and resistance rates is consistently observed across different regions and ecosystems. The review underscores the urgent need for integrated and coordinated interventions, including improved antimicrobial stewardship, stricter environmental regulations, and global policy alignment. Addressing AMR effectively requires a multidisciplinary effort involving healthcare systems, agricultural practices, and environmental management. The One Health framework remains essential for guiding sustainable strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and protect global public health.

Key words: Antimicrobial resistance; One Health; Environmental pollution; Aquaculture.