The genus Phyllanthus is recognized for its ecological and therapeutic significance. Accurate identification of these species is crucial for conservation and research purposes. Traditional taxonomic identification often falls short due to the plant’s phenotypic plasticity and challenges in detecting substitutes or adulterants in plant-based products. As a result, molecular identification through DNA barcoding has emerged as a new standard for quality control in herbal products and the international herbal trade. The present study uses a DNA barcoding tool to identify Indian Phyllanthus species focusing on nr internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the chloroplast rbcL gene. The phylogenetic analysis shows high genetic similarity and strong phylogenetic relationships. These findings confirm genetic affinities with global counterparts, highlighting evolutionary patterns. The ITS2 region’s structure uses minimum free energy calculations to verify species identification. This study shows how combining rbcL gene analysis with ITS2-based DNA barcoding accurately identifies Indian Phyllanthus species This approach enhances the sustainable use of these valuable plant resources, ensures product quality, minimizes adulteration, and supports biodiversity conservation.
Key words: Phyllanthus, DNA barcoding, ITS2 region, rbcL gene, Phylogenetic analysis. Secondary structure
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