Abstract

The interplay between gut morphology, cytokine activity, and systemic physiological responses regulates intestinal health in pigs. In this narrative review, 137 studies that illustrate the interrelationship between the villus-crypt structure, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, and organ indices under different nutritional, environmental, and pathogenic stressors were used. Key findings demonstrate stressor-induced villus shrinkage, crypt hyperplasia, and cytokine-mediated inflammation compromising nutrient absorption/barrier integrity with organ indices signalling systemic adaptations, all linked in a conceptual framework integrating gut composition, immunity, and physiology. Therefore, this review suggests the need for multi-omics, standardized morphometric methods, and targeted nutritional interventions in support of the development of intestinal resilience for sustainable pig production

Key words: Gastrointestinal tract; Immune system; Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; Sustainable pig production; Swine physiology.