Abstract

The combined use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor (SGLT2i) and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1 RA) offers potential cardiometabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, real-world data on this strategy, particularly in Southeast Asian populations, remains scarce. This study assessed the effectiveness of the combination versus SGLT2i or other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in Indonesian patients on glycemic control and cardiorenal outcomes. A retrospective cohort study was conducted over ≥12 months among three treatment groups. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality, followed by ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests. Among the 111 patients, a notable intergroup difference was detected in systolic blood pressure (−15.8, −2.79, and −4.16 mmHg in combination, SGLT2i, and OADs group, respectively; p = 0.011) and diastolic blood pressure (−9.56, +1.06, −2.24 mmHg; p = 0.001). No significant differences were observed in HbA1c, weight, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, lipid composites, estimated glomerular filtration rate, or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score across the groups. GLP-1 RA and SGLT2i combination therapy was associated with improved blood pressure, suggesting added cardiovascular benefit. Larger prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Key words: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; Retrospective Studies; Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors