Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of climate change during winter on mental health and physical activity among Al-Baha province’s residents.
Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Baha city from January 23, 2025, to February 23, 2025, surveying 704 randomly selected residents aged 18-64 years. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire assessing physical activity and depression levels using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively.
Results: Findings revealed a notable prevalence of depression, with 43.6% indicating mild, 20.6% moderate, 9.2% moderately severe, and 4.0% severe depression. Higher depression rates were associated with female gender (p-value = 0.003), lower educational attainment (p-value = 0.036), and student status (p-value = 0.013). Family and friend relationships were positively correlated with better mental health (p < 0.001). Physical activity levels indicated that 50.6% of participants were inactive, with significant variations observed in older age (p-value = 0.019) and female gender (p-value = 0.028). Increased physical activity was associated with reduced mental health issues (p-value = 0.004).
Conclusion: The study identified high prevalence rates of depression, particularly among females, students, and individuals with lower educational attainment. Strong familial and social connections were associated with improved mental health outcomes. Physical inactivity, more common among older adults and females, negatively impacts well-being. Promoting indoor physical activity and mental health support might enhance psychological well-being and overall quality of life.

Key words: Climate change, mental health, physical activity, depression, Saudi Arabia