Abstract

In the emergency department (ED), non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an essential therapeutic intervention, especially when treating acute respiratory failure in cases of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. NIV eliminates the need for costly and invasive mechanical ventilation by lowering respiratory effort and improving gas exchange. However, its success is dependent on several factors, including clinical, blood gas, radiographic, and treatment response predictors. Because clinicians require informed decisions related to the continuation or escalation of NIV, it is necessary to identify these early predictors. This can inform ED clinicians in the early identification and timely intervention for NIV failure through a comprehensive NIV Failure Risk score that integrates these factors. In this review, we examine the predictors for NIV failure, its implications on early decision making, and the potential application of such prediction models in clinical practice, e.g., the heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, and respiratory rate (HACOR) score. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using specific keywords, including "NIV failure," "predictors," and "emergency department." The selection criteria emphasized practical clinical applications and validated prediction tools, integrating evidence to provide clear clinical guidance on NIV failure prediction. The strength of the evidence was evaluated using established clinical practice guidelines. The review process included phases of initial screening, full-text review, and data extraction. It was found that by using these predictive tools, clinicians can optimize patient care through acute respiratory distress by improving NIV management and minimizing intubation delays.

Key words: Non-invasive ventilation, NIV failure, predictors, acute respiratory failure, systemic review