An infection-induced inflammatory continuum extending from the cervix to the peritoneal cavity (endocervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis) is the hallmark of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This review evaluates and synthesizes current evidence on the relationship between PID and urinary tract complications, identifying common symptoms. A thorough search was carried out across four databases, identifying 690 relevant publications. After removing duplicates using Rayyan QCRI and screening for relevance, 324 full-text articles were reviewed, with 7 studies ultimately meeting the inclusion criteria. Among the included studies, five focused on a total of 50,460 women diagnosed with PID. The review highlights the high prevalence of urinary symptoms, such as dysuria and urinary frequency, among PID patients, reinforcing the link between reproductive and urinary tract disorders. It also identifies an association between PID and interstitial cystitis, suggesting a higher risk of bladder pain syndrome in affected women. Additionally, PID is linked to increased risks of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and, in rare cases, urinary cancers, emphasizing the potential for long-term urinary complications beyond reproductive health. The findings underline the strong connection between PID and urinary tract complications, stressing the importance of integrated care. Physicians are encouraged to monitor urinary symptoms in women with PID for early diagnosis and treatment. While existing research highlights the need for comprehensive management, further studies are necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted preventive strategies.
Key words: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Urinary Tract Complications, Dysuria, Urinary Frequency, Interstitial Cystitis, Bladder Pain Syndrome, Urinary Tract Infections; Systematic review.
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