Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a challenging clinical condition predominantly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Immunotherapy has emerged as a potential treatment strategy, prompting a systematic review to elucidate its effectiveness in managing RRP. The databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL were assessed for the selection of studies pertinent to this review objectives, by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting guidelines. A total of seven studies were included demonstrating that immunotherapy could reduce the frequency of surgical interventions and enhance immune system markers associated with fighting HPV. Notably, treatments that targeted programmed death-ligand 1 showed promise in reducing disease burden and extending recurrence-free intervals, particularly when compared to dual inhibition strategies, which were less effective. Significant improvements were noted in both pediatric and adult patient groups, indicating broad applicability across age ranges. Additionally, some therapies were effective in reducing papilloma volume and improving respiratory function, thereby enhancing the patient’s quality of life. Immunotherapy represented a viable option for the management of RRP, with the potential to decrease reliance on surgical interventions and modulate immune response favorably. However, the effectiveness varies based on the therapeutic approach and individual patient factors, underscoring the need for tailored treatment strategies. Continued research is essential to optimize immunotherapeutic regimens and fully understand their mechanisms of action within diverse patient populations.
Key words: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, immunotherapy, HPV, PD-L1 inhibition, systemic review
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