Türkiye's healthcare system has undergone substantial changes since 2002, driven by public and private sector investments aimed at expanding capacity, improving service quality, and enhancing health outcomes. This study examined the causal effects of these investments on healthcare indicators such as hospital capacity, patient satisfaction, and mortality rates from 2002 to 2022 using data from the Ministry of Health, the World Bank, and TURKSTAT. Seventeen models were analyzed through the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach, focusing on variables like hospital beds, healthcare personnel, patient satisfaction, and economic factors such as GDP and the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI). Public health investments significantly increased beds in public hospitals (χ²=10.14, p=0.04), while private investments had a strong impact on beds in private hospitals (χ²=24.29, p
Key words: Health investment, Türkiye, public health, private health, Toda-Yamamoto causality, health care outcomes
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