This review explores the paradox of Burkholderia species, a bacterium capable of both beneficial and harmful actions. Genus Burkholderia is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium with remarkable genetic diversity. It can thrive in diverse environments and exchange genes with other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. The ambivalence of Burkholderia lies in its potential to act as both a plant pathogen and an opportunistic human pathogen. Early isolations linked it to urinary tract infections and meningitis. However, its true threat emerged for individuals with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease, who are susceptible to severe Burkholderia infections like pneumonia and septicemia. Beyond healthcare, Burkholderia exhibits useful applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Certain strains promote plant growth by fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing growth hormones. Burkholderia offers promise in bioremediation, degrading pollutants like hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals. However, responsible application is crucial. Environmental contamination, biofilm formation, and potential plant diseases raise concerns. Careful consideration and ongoing research are necessary to mitigate these risks. Biotechnology leverages Burkholderia's diverse functionalities. It produces bioplastics, enzymes, and rhamnolipids with potential applications in various industries. Despite its benefits, it poses a healthcare risk to immunocompromised individuals, causing respiratory infections and hospital outbreaks. Its multi-drug resistance necessitates strict infection control protocols and development of novel treatment strategies. In conclusion, Burkholderia presents a complex picture. While its potential benefits in agriculture and biotechnology are promising, responsible use and continuous research are paramount to exploit its advantages and mitigate potential hazards.
Key words: Biofilm, Bioplastics, Bioremediation, Chronic granulomatous disease, Cystic fibrosis, Horizontal gene transfer, Multi-drug resistance, Nitrogen fixation, Nosocomial pathogen, Rhamnolipids
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