Objectives. Atherogenic indices provide a general estimate of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The levels of atherogenic indices are affected by a wide variety of variables. In view of the low-grade inflammation nature of T2DM, we measured three proteins in T2DM patients: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACCS), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and Sma Mothers Against Decapentaplegic homolog-4 (SMAD4).
Methods. Sixty T2DM patients and thirty healthy controls took part in the study. The ELISA method was used to quantify the selected proteins, while spectrophotometry was used to measure the remaining biomarkers.
Results. T2DM patients had substantially higher levels of ACCS, G-CSF, and SMAD4 levels than control subjects. After adjustment of all cofounders, a significant part of variations in the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Castelli risk index (CRI)-I and II can be significantly predicted by serum ACCS level. While serum SMAD4 level can be predicted by AIP, CRI-II, and atherogenic coefficient. The inflammatory cytokine (G-CSF) level can be predicted by glucose levels, indicating the dependence of inflammation on hyperglycemia.
Conclusion. T2DM patients were shown to have dyslipidemia, high atherogenic indices, and higher levels of SMAD4, ACCS, and G-CSF than controls. Once confounders are taken into account, serum ACCS level is revealed to be a significant predictor of atherogenic indices. These results provide additional insight into these proteins and their function in T2DM complications such as CVD.
Key words: Atherogenic index, SMAD4, ACCS, G-CSF, T2DM.
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