Performance in cattle and buffaloes can be improved by properly maintaining records especially calving interval, milk production, age at first calving etc. Loose housed or open paddock cows showed better fertility as compared to dairy barn regardless of milk production. Sand is common inorganic bedding with soft cushion and calm comfortable feel. Sunlight exposure and extended photoperiod improves milk yield and composition and reduces stress in dairy cows. High yielding cows enters into state of negative energy balance around calving leads to delayed resumption of ovarian activity especially in primiparous cows in other words fertility of cows declines due to high production. Low grade management system with respect to flooring, drainage, sunlight exposure, standing cubicles dimension, photoperiod, ventilation and roofing of the cattle shed along with lack of balance ration was associated with decreased production and fertility. Moreover, body condition score, heat detection techniques, dry period also affect the performance of animal along with welfare status of animals at farm. Good welfare includes management practices which experiences no stress and pain.
Key words: Effect, management conditions, performances, welfare status Received: 20-11-2023 Accepted :28-12-2023
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