The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates is one of the intractable problems in the health-care sector that threatens human and livestock health. β-lactamases are among the most common enzymes involved in antibiotic-resistance mechanisms. Enterobacterial isolates were isolated from commercial poultry farms from the Makkah region. A collection of 40 Enterobacteriaceae isolates resistant to one or more third-generation cephalosporins was examined for the existence of β-lactamases, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamase, and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), both phenotypically and genotypically. Based on the phenotypic examinations, 97.5% of the isolates were ESBL, 5% were AmpC, and only 2.5% were MBL. Out of these 40 resistant isolates, 9 (22.5%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Based on genotypic examinations, five resistance genes were detected, with the most prevailing gene being TEM (10, 25%), followed by CMY-2 (5, 12.5%), FOX (5, 12.5%), SHV (1, 2.5%), and CTX-M universal (1, 2.5%). The gene mobile factors of Class 1 integrons, transposons, and plasmids were also detected in 5 (12.5%), 5 (12.5%), and 2 (5%) of the examined isolates, respectively. An interesting ESBL MDR isolate was identified which includes genetic elements (transposon and plasmid). In conclusion, the data presented in this study indicated that commercial farm poultry in the Makkah province, Saudi Arabia, is colonized by β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae. This supports the hypothesis that non-human sources could be a source of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria in humans.
Key words: Antibiotic-resistant, Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL, MDR, Mobile genetic elements
|
