Biotechnology refers to any technological application makes or modifies products or processes for specific usage using biological systems. Agricultural biotechnology is a group of scientific methods for improving plants, animals or microbes. Scientists have developed strategies to increase agricultural productivity based on their understanding of DNA by incorporating recombinant technology into traditional breeding operations, agricultural research. The targeted introduction of desired genes into the crop could speed up breeding. Main goal of transgenic breeding is improving the agronomic and qualitative features of crops. Genetic engineering (transformation) refers to the deliberate altering of the genome of an organism by the introduction of one or few particular foreign genes, while the modified organism refers to a transformed (transgenic) organism. Herbicide-resistant, salinity-tolerant, drought-tolerant and Bt crops are examples of biotechnology's crop achievements. Genetically engineered technologies are beneficial for semi-subsistence agriculture because of the relatively low setup costs, whilst plant tissue culture is biotechnology use for improving crops which increases breeding speed and efficiency depending on directly or indirectly modifying genes and genomic areas that underpin essential features. Overexpression, genome editing, RNA interference are models of direct approaches, whereas breeding is mostly an indirect strategy. These tactics could speed the improvement of agricultural species when new techniques become available as high-throughput genotyping, generation sequencing and precision editing.
Key words: Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Stress Tolerance and Transgenic Crop Tissue Culture
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